1. Mechanical Njirimara nke ígwè
1. Ọnụ ego (σs)
Mgbe a na-agbatị ígwè ma ọ bụ ihe nlele, mgbe nrụgide ahụ gafere njedebe na-agbanwe agbanwe, ọ bụrụgodị na nrụgide adịghị abawanye, nchara ma ọ bụ ihe nlele ahụ ka na-aga n'ihu na-enwe nrụrụ plastik doro anya. A na-akpọ ihe omume a na-ekwenye ekwenye, na uru nrụgide kacha nta mgbe m na-ekwenye ekwenye bụ maka ebe mkpụrụ. Ka Ps bụrụ ike mpụga na ebe mkpụrụ s, na Fo bụrụ mpaghara akụkụ nke ihe nlele, wee bụrụ ebe mkpụrụ σs = Ps/Fo(MPa).
2. Ike mpụta (σ0.2)
Ebe mkpụrụ nke ụfọdụ ihe ọla dị na-apụtachaghị ìhè, ọ na-esikwa ike ịlele. Ya mere, iji tụọ njirimara mkpụrụ nke ihe ahụ, nrụgide mgbe nrụrụ plastik na-adịgide adịgide hà nhata ụfọdụ uru (n'ozuzu 0.2% nke ogologo oge mbụ), nke a na-akpọ ọnọdụ ahụ. Mpụta ike ma ọ bụ naanị nye ike σ0.2.
3. Ike tensile (σb)
Uru nrụgide kachasị elu ruru site na mmalite ruo oge mgbawa n'oge usoro ịgbatị ahụ. Ọ na-anọchi anya ikike nke ígwè iji guzogide mgbaji. N'ikwekọ na ike nkwụsịtụ bụ ike mkpakọ, ike na-agbanwe agbanwe, wdg. Ka Pb bụrụ ike kachasị ike ruru tupu ihe ahụ agbaji, na Fo bụrụ akụkụ nke akụkụ nke ihe atụ, mgbe ahụ, ike ike σb = Pb / Fo (MPa). ).
4. Ogologo (δs)
Mgbe agbajichara ihe ahụ, a na-akpọ pasent nke elongation plastik ya n'ogologo nke ihe nlele mbụ ahụ elongation ma ọ bụ elongation.
5. Oke mkpụrụ (σs/σb)
A na-akpọ oke nke ebe mkpụrụ (ike mkpụrụ) nke ígwè na ike nkwụsịtụ ka a na-akpọ oke mkpụrụ. Ka ukwuu mkpụrụ ruru, elu ntụkwasị obi nke bughi akụkụ. N'ozuzu, nha mkpụrụ nke carbon ígwè bụ 0.6-0.65, nke obere alloy structural steel bụ 0.65-0.75, na nke alloy structural steel bụ 0.84-0.86.
6. Isi ike
Isi ike na-egosi ikike nke ihe nwere iguzogide ịpị ihe siri ike n'elu ya. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ihe ngosi arụmọrụ dị mkpa nke ihe igwe. N'ozuzu, ka ike siri ike dị elu, ka mma na-eguzogide iyi. Ihe ngosi isi ike a na-ejikarị bụ Brinell hardness, Rockwell hardness na Vickers hardness.
1) Brinell hardness (HB)
Pịa bọọlụ nchara siri ike nke otu nha (na-abụkarị 10mm na dayameta) n'ime elu nke ihe na ibu ụfọdụ (n'ozuzu 3000kg) ma debe ya ruo oge ụfọdụ. Mgbe ewepụrụ ibu ahụ, oke ibu ahụ na mpaghara ntinye bụ uru Brinell hardness (HB).
2) Rockwell hardness (HR)
Mgbe HB> 450 ma ọ bụ ihe nlele ahụ pere mpe, enweghị ike iji nnwale siri ike nke Brinell wee were nha Rockwell hardness kama. Ọ na-eji cone diamond nwere akụkụ vertex nke 120 ° ma ọ bụ bọọlụ nchara nke nwere dayameta nke 1.59mm na 3.18mm iji tinye n'elu ihe a ga-anwale n'okpuru ụfọdụ ibu, na ike nke ihe na-enweta site na. omimi nke indentation. Dị ka ihe siri ike nke ihe nlele ahụ si dị, enwere ike igosipụta ya na nha atọ dị iche iche:
HRA: Ọ bụ ike nke enwetara site n'iji ibu 60kg na diamond cone indenter, a na-ejikwa ya maka ihe ndị nwere oke siri ike (dị ka carbide cimented, wdg).
HRB: Ọ bụ ike nke enwetara site na iji ibu 100kg na bọọlụ ígwè siri ike nke nwere dayameta nke 1.58mm. A na-eji ya eme ihe ndị nwere ike dị ala (dị ka ígwè annealed, nkedo ígwè, wdg).
HRC: Ọ bụ ike nke enwetara site na iji 150kg ibu na diamond cone indenter, a na-ejikwa ya maka ihe ndị nwere isi ike dị elu (dị ka ígwè siri ike, wdg).
3) Vickers hardness (HV)
Jiri eriri cone square diamond nwere ibu na-erughị 120kg na akụkụ vertex nke 136 Celsius ka ịpịa n'elu ihe ahụ, wee kewaa ebe elu nke olulu indentation site na uru ibu iji nweta uru hardness Vickers (HV). ).
2. Ferrous na ndị na-abụghị ígwè ọla
1. Ọla ọla
Na-ezo aka na alloy nke ígwè na ígwè. Dị ka ígwè, ígwè ezi, ferroalloy, nkedo ígwè, wdg. Ma ígwè na ezi ígwè bụ alloys dabeere na ígwè na carbon dị ka isi mgbakwunye mmewere, mkpokọta zoro aka dị ka ígwè-carbon alloys.
Ígwè ezi na-ezo aka na ngwaahịa a na-agbaze ọla n'ime ọkụ na-agbawa agbawa, bụ nke a na-ejikarị eme ígwè na nkedo.
Na-agbaze ígwè ezì n'ime ọkụ na-agbaze ígwè iji nweta ígwè nkedo (mmiri ígwè-carbon alloy nwere ihe dị n'ime carbon karịa 2.11%), na ịkwanye mmiri mmiri na-agbanye ígwè n'ime nkedo, ụdị ígwè a na-akpọ ígwè nkedo.
Ferroalloy bụ alloy mejupụtara ígwè, silicon, manganese, chromium, titanium na ihe ndị ọzọ. Ferroalloy bụ otu n'ime akụrụngwa maka ịrụ nchara. A na-eji ya dị ka deoxidizer na ihe mgbakwunye alloy maka ígwè n'oge nchara.
A na-akpọ alloys iron-carbon nwere carbon na-erughị 2.11% ígwè, a na-enwetakwa ígwè site na itinye ígwè ezì maka nchara nchara n'ime ọkụ nchara na-agbaze ya dịka usoro ụfọdụ siri dị. Ngwaahịa igwe na-agụnye ingots ígwè, ihe nkedo na-aga n'ihu na nkedo kpọmkwem n'ime nkedo ígwè dị iche iche. N'ikwu okwu n'ozuzu, nchara n'ozuzu na-ezo aka nchara nchara n'ime ngwaahịa igwe dị iche iche.
2. Igwe anaghị agba nchara
A makwaara ya dị ka ọla ndị na-abụghị ígwè, ọ na-ezo aka na ọla na alloys ndị ọzọ karịa ọla ndị na-emepụta ihe, dị ka ọla kọpa, tin, lead, zinc, aluminum, and brass, bronze, aluminum alloys, and bear alloys. Na mgbakwunye, a na-ejikwa chromium, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, cobalt, vanadium, tungsten, titanium, wdg na ụlọ ọrụ. A na-ejikarị ọla ndị a eme ihe dị ka mgbakwunye alloy iji melite arụmọrụ nke ọla. N'ime ha, tungsten, titanium, molybdenum, wdg na-ejikarị emepụta mma. alloy siri ike. A na-akpọ ọla ndị dị n'elu na-adịghị ferrous metals, na mgbakwunye na ọla dị oké ọnụ ahịa: platinum, gold, silver, etc. na obere ọla, gụnyere redioaktivu uranium, radium, wdg.
3. Nhazi nke ígwè
Na mgbakwunye na ígwè na carbon, ihe ndị bụ isi nke ígwè gụnyere silicon, manganese, sọlfọ na phosphorus.
Enwere ụzọ nhazi ọkwa dị iche iche nke ígwè, ụzọ ndị bụ isi bụ ndị a:
1. Nkewa site na mma
(1) Nchara nkịtị (P≤0.045%, S≤0.050%)
(2) Nchara dị elu (ma P na S≤0.035%)
(3) Nchara dị elu (P≤0.035%, S≤0.030%)
2. Nhazi site na ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ
(1) Carbon ígwè: a. Igwe carbon dị ala (C≤0.25%); b. Ọkara carbon ígwè (C≤0.25～0.60%); c. Igwe carbon dị elu (C≤0.60%).
(2) Alloy ígwè: a. Alloy alloy ígwè (ngụkọta ọdịnaya nke alloying ọcha ≤ 5%); b. Ọkara alloy ígwè (ngụkọta ọdịnaya nke ihe alloying> 5-10%); c. Alloy alloy ígwè (ngụkọta ọdịnaya nke alloying ihe> 10% %).
3. Nkewa site na-akpụ usoro
(1) ígwè arụrụ arụ; (2) nkedo ígwè; (3) igwe na-ekpo ọkụ; (4) igwe oyi na-adọkpụ.
4. Nhazi dịka nhazi metallographic si dị
(1) Steeti annealed: a. ígwè hypoeutectoid (ferrite + pearlite); b. eutectoid ígwè (pearlite); c. hypereutectoid ígwè (pearlite + cementite); d. Tensitic ígwè (pearlite + cementite).
(2) Ala ahaziri ahazi: a. ígwè pearlitic; b. ígwè bainite; c. ígwè martensitic; d. austenitic ígwè.
(3) Ọ dịghị mgbanwe n'usoro ma ọ bụ akụkụ akụkụ mgbanwe
5. Nhazi site na ebumnuche
(1) Igwe maka owuwu na injinia: a. Carbon structural ígwè nkịtị; b. Low alloy structural ígwè; c. Nchara agbasiri ike.
(2) Nchara arụrụ arụ:
a. Steel maka imepụta igwe: (a) Nchara arụrụ arụ na arụrụ arụ; (b) Nchara nhazi siri ike nke dị n'elu: gụnyere nchara carburizing, nchara ammonaịt, na nchara siri ike; (c) Nchara nhazi nke dị mfe ịkpụ; (d) Oyi plasticity Steel maka akpụ: gụnyere ígwè maka oyi stamping na ígwè maka oyi isi.
b. Mmiri ígwè
c. Na-ebu ígwè
(3) Ngwá ọrụ igwe: a. ngwá ọrụ carbon ígwè; b. alloy ngwá ọrụ ígwè; c. ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa ígwè.
(4) Nchara arụ ọrụ pụrụ iche: a. Igwe anaghị agba nchara na-eguzogide acid; b. Igwe ọkụ na-eguzogide okpomọkụ: gụnyere mgbochi oxidation ígwè, okpomọkụ-ike ígwè, valve ígwè; c. Igwe ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ eletrik; d. ígwè na-eguzogide iyi; e. Obere okpomọkụ ígwè; f. Igwe eletriki igwe.
(5) Nchara maka iji ndị ọkachamara-dị ka ígwè maka àkwà mmiri, ígwè maka ụgbọ mmiri, ígwè maka mmiri ọkụ, ígwè maka ụgbọ mmiri nrụgide, ígwè maka ígwè ọrụ ugbo, wdg.
6. Nhazi zuru oke
(1) Nchara nkịtị
a. Carbon nhazi ígwè: (a) Q195; (b) Q215 (A, B); (c) Q235 (A, B, C); (d) Q255 (A, B); (e) Q275.
b. Nchara nhazi ala dị ala
c. Nchara nhazi nkịtị maka ebumnuche ụfọdụ
(2) Nchara dị elu (gụnyere igwe dị elu dị elu)
a. Ngwongwo arụrụ arụ: (a) ígwè arụrụ arụ carbon dị elu; (b) alloy structural ígwè; (c) igwe mmiri; (d) nchara n'efu; (e) igwe na-ebu ígwè; (f) nchara nhazi dị elu maka ebumnuche ụfọdụ.
b. Ngwá ọrụ ígwè: (a) carbon ngwá ọrụ ígwè; (b) Alloy ngwá ọrụ ígwè; (c) ígwè ọrụ dị elu.
c. Nchara arụ ọrụ pụrụ iche: (a) igwe anaghị agba nchara; (b) ígwè na-eguzogide okpomọkụ; (c) igwe kpo oku eletrik; (d) igwe eletrik; (e) igwe anaghị agba nchara manganese dị elu.
7. Nkewa site na usoro mgbaze
(1) Dị ka ọkụ ụdị
a. Ihe ngbanwe igwe: (a) igwe ngbanwe acidic; (b) nchara ngbanwe isi. Ma ọ bụ (a) nchara ngbanwe gbawara agbawa; (b) nchara ngbanwe n'akụkụ; (c) nchara ngbanwe n'elu.
b. Igwe ọkụ eletrik igwe: (a) Igwe ọkụ ọkụ eletrik igwe; (b) electroslag ọkụ ígwè; (c) nchara igwe induction; (d) igwe na-eri ihe nchara; (e) Igwe ọkụ ọkụ eletrik igwe.
(2) Dị ka ogo nke deoxidation na wụsara usoro
a. Nchara na-esi esi; b. Nchara nke ọkara egbu; c. Egburu ígwè; d. Special gburu ígwè.
4. Nleba anya nke ụzọ nnọchite ọkwa ọkwa nchara nke obodo m
Ngosipụta ọkwa ngwaahịa a na-egosipụtakarị site na nchikota mkpụrụedemede pinyin nke China, akara mmewere kemịkalụ na ọnụọgụ Arabic. Ugbu a:
①Ihe kemịkalụ kemịkalụ dị na akara nchara bụ akara kemịkalụ mba ụwa, dị ka Si, Mn, Cr… na-anọchi anya ya. Ọ bụ “RE” (ma ọ bụ “Xt”) nọchiri anya ihe ndị agwakọtara agwakọta agwakọta.
② Aha ngwaahịa, ojiji, ụzọ mgbaze na ịwụsa, wdg bụ mkpụrụedemede mbiri nke Pinyin China na-anọchi anya ya.
③ Isi ihe dị n'ime kemịkal (%) n'ime igwe bụ ọnụọgụ Arabic nọchiri anya ya.
Mgbe ejiri mkpụrụedemede ụda olu China gosi aha ngwaahịa, ojiji, njirimara na ụzọ usoro, a na-ahọrọ mkpụrụedemede mbụ site na mkpụrụedemede ụda olu China na-anọchi anya aha ngwaahịa. Mgbe emeghachiri ya na mkpụrụedemede nke ngwaahịa ọzọ họọrọ, enwere ike iji mkpụrụedemede nke abụọ ma ọ bụ mkpụrụedemede nke atọ, ma ọ bụ enwere ike họrọ mkpụrụedemede pinyin nke mbụ nke mkpụrụedemede China abụọ n'otu oge.
Ọ bụrụ na enweghị mkpụrụedemede Chinese na pinyin dị ugbu a, akara ndị a na-eji bụ mkpụrụedemede Bekee.
Ise, nkebi nke usoro nnọchite anya nke akara nchara na mba m
1. Nhazi usoro nke carbon structural ígwè na ala-alloy elu-ike structural ígwè.
A na-ekekarị ígwè a na-eji n'elu ụzọ abụọ: nchara nchara na nchara pụrụ iche. Usoro nke na-egosi ọkwa bụ nke Chinese pinyin akwụkwọ ozi nke mkpụrụ mkpụrụ ma ọ bụ ike nke ígwè, uru nke mkpụrụ mkpụrụ ma ọ bụ ike mkpụrụ, àgwà ọkwa nke ígwè, na ogo nke deoxidation nke ígwè, nke nwere akụkụ anọ n'ezie.
① General structural steel nakweere mkpụrụedemede pinyin "Q" na-anọchite anya ebe mkpụrụ. Uru mkpụrụ mkpụrụ (otu bụ MPa) na akara ogo (A, B, C, D, E) na usoro deoxidation (F, b, Z, TZ) na akara ndị ọzọ akọwapụtara na Tebụl 1 na-etolite ọkwa n'usoro. Dị ka ihe atụ: carbon structural ígwè akara ule na-egosipụta dị ka: Q235AF, Q235BZ; obere alloy elu-ike structural ígwè akara ule na-egosipụta dị ka: Q345C, Q345D.
Q235BZ pụtara gbuo carbon structural steel nwere uru mkpụrụ ≥ 235MPa na ogo ọkwa B.
Akara ule abụọ nke Q235 na Q345 bụ akara ule kachasị nke igwe injinia, akara ule na mmepụta na ojiji kachasị ukwuu, yana akara ule a na-ejikarị eme ihe. Akara ule abụọ a dị n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mba niile n'ụwa.
Na ọkwa ọkwa nke carbon structural steel, akara "Z" nke gburu ígwè na akara "TZ" nke pụrụ iche gburu ígwè nwere ike ịhapụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ: maka Q235 ígwè nwere akara akara C na D n'otu n'otu, akara ule kwesịrị ịbụ Q235CZ. na Q235DTZ, mana enwere ike ịhapụ ya dịka Q235C na Q235D.
Ngwongwo nhazi dị elu nke dị ala na-agụnye ígwè e gburu na ígwè pụrụ iche, ma akara ngosi na-egosi usoro deoxidation adịghị atụkwasị na njedebe nke ọkwa.
② A na-egosipụtakarị nchara nchara pụrụ iche site na akara "Q" na-anọchite anya ebe mkpụrụ nke ígwè, uru nke mkpụrụ osisi, na akara ndị na-anọchite anya ojiji ngwaahịa akọwapụtara na Tebụl 1, dịka ọmụmaatụ: a na-egosipụta ọkwa nchara maka ụgbọ mmiri nrụgide. dị ka "Q345R"; A na-egosipụta ọkwa nke igwe ihu igwe dị ka Q340NH; Q295HP ígwè akara ule maka ịgbado ọkụ gas cylinders; Q390g ígwè akara ule maka ji esi mmiri ọkụ; Q420q ígwè akara ule maka àkwà mmiri.
③Dị ka mkpa, nhọpụta nke izugbe-nzube ala-alloy elu-ike structural ígwè nwekwara ike iji abụọ Arabic ọnụọgụ abụọ (na-egosi nkezi carbon ọdịnaya, na akụkụ kwa puku iri) na chemical mmewere akara, egosipụta n'usoro; nchara ihe pụrụ iche dị obere alloy dị elu nwere ike gosipụta aha ika ahụ n'usoro site na iji ọnụọgụ Arabic abụọ (na-egosi nkezi ọdịnaya carbon n'akụkụ kwa puku iri), akara mmewere kemịkal, na akara ụfọdụ akọwapụtara na-anọchi anya ojiji nke ngwaahịa.
2. Usoro nnọchiteanya nke elu-edu carbon structural ígwè na elu-edu carbon spring ígwè
Carbon structural steel dị elu na-anabata ngwakọta nke ọnụọgụ Arabic abụọ (na-egosi nkezi ọdịnaya carbon n'ime puku kwuru iri) ma ọ bụ ọnụọgụ Arabic na akara mmewere.
① Maka igwe na-esi esi na igwe egbu egbu, a na-agbakwunye akara "F" na "b" n'otu n'otu na njedebe nke ọkwa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọkwa nke igwe na-esi esi na nkezi carbon ọdịnaya nke 0.08% ka akọpụtara dị ka "08F"; A na-akọwa ọkwa ọkwa ígwè e gburu ọkara nke nwere nkezi carbon nke 0.10% dị ka "10b".
② Ejighị akara ejiri egbu egbu (S, P≤0.035% n'otu n'otu) akara. Ọmụmaatụ: ígwè e gburu na nkezi carbon ọdịnaya nke 0.45%, ọkwa ya na-egosipụtara dị ka “45″.
③ Maka igwe eji arụ ọrụ carbon dị elu nwere ọdịnaya manganese dị elu, a na-agbakwunye akara mmewere manganese mgbe ọnụọgụ Arabic na-egosi nkezi ọdịnaya carbon. Dịka ọmụmaatụ: ígwè nwere nkezi carbon ọdịnaya nke 0.50% yana ọdịnaya manganese nke 0.70% ruo 1.00%, a na-akọwa ọkwa ya dị ka "50Mn".
④ N'ihi na elu-ọkwa elu-edu carbon structural ígwè (S, P≤0.030% karị), tinye akara "A" mgbe ọkwa. Ọmụmaatụ: elu-ọkwa elu-edu carbon structural ígwè na nkezi carbon ọdịnaya nke 0.45%, ya ọkwa e gosiri dị ka "45A".
⑤Super-ọkwa dị elu carbon structural ígwè (S≤0.020%, P≤0.025%), tinye akara “E” mgbe ọkwa. Ọmụmaatụ: nnukwu mma carbon structural ígwè nwere nkezi carbon ọdịnaya nke 0.45%, ọkwa ya ka e gosiri dị ka "45E".
Usoro nnochite anya nke elu-edu carbon spring steel akara ule bụ otu ihe ahụ nke elu-edu carbon structural akara ule (65, 70, 85, 65Mn steels dị na ma ọkọlọtọ GB/T1222 na GB/T699 karị).
3. Usoro nhazi nke alloy structural steel na alloy spring ígwè
① Alloy structural steel akara ule na-anọchi anya ọnụọgụ Arabic yana akara mmewere kemịkal ọkọlọtọ.
Jiri ọnụọgụ Arabic abụọ gosi nkezi ọdịnaya carbon (n'akụkụ kwa puku iri), ma debe ya n'isi ọkwa.
Usoro ngosipụta nke ọdịnaya elementrị alloy bụ nke a: mgbe nkezi ọdịnaya na-erughị 1.50%, naanị mmewere ka egosipụtara na ika ahụ, a naghị egosikwa ọdịnaya n'ozuzu ya; Nkezi ọdịnaya alloy bụ 1.50% ~ 2.49%, 2.50% ~ 3.49%, 3.50% ~ 4.49%, 4.50% ~ 5.49%, …, edere ya ka 2, 3, 4, 5…
Dịka ọmụmaatụ: nkezi ọdịnaya nke carbon, chromium, manganese, na silicon bụ 0.30%, 0.95%, 0.85%, na 1.05% nke alloy structural steel. Mgbe ọdịnaya nke S na P bụ ≤0.035%, a na-egosipụta ọkwa dị ka "30CrMnSi".
Ngwongwo nhazi ihe nchara dị elu dị elu (S, P content ≤0.025% n'otu n'otu), gosipụtara site na ịgbakwunye akara "A" na njedebe nke ọkwa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ: "30CrMnSiA".
Maka ọkwa pụrụiche dị elu alloy structural steel (S≤0.015%, P≤0.025%), tinye akara "E" na njedebe nke ọkwa, dịka ọmụmaatụ: "30CrM nSiE".
Maka akara ọkwa nchara nchara pụrụ iche, akara na-anọchite anya ojiji ngwaahịa akọwapụtara na tebụl 1 kwesịrị ịgbakwunye na isi (ma ọ bụ ọdụ) nke ọkwa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nchara 30CrMnSi nke a na-eji eme ihe maka skru riveting, a na-egosipụta nọmba nchara dịka ML30CrMnSi.
② Usoro nnochite anya nke ọkwa nke alloy spring ígwè bụ otu ihe ahụ dị ka nke alloy structural steel.
Dịka ọmụmaatụ: nkezi ọdịnaya nke carbon, silicon, na manganese bụ 0.60%, 1.75%, na 0.75% nke ígwè mmiri, na ọkwa ya bụ "60Si2Mn". N'ihi na elu-ọkwa dị elu-edu mmiri ígwè, tinye akara "A" na njedebe nke ọkwa, na ọkwa ya na-egosipụta dị ka "60Si2MnA".
4. Ọkwa nke nchara nchara n'efu
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Oge nzipu: Jun-21-2023
